How many cilia per cell

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Reduction of meckelin leads to general loss of cilia, ciliary microtubule misalignment and distorted cell surface organization. Nearly all human cells have at least one cilium that senses physical or chemical cues.

However, some specialized cell types in humans, such as those lining the respiratory and reproductive tracts, have hundreds of cilia on their surface that beat in waves to move fluids through the system.

To answer the question, the Hopkins researchers took a closer look at the base of cilia, the place where the organelles attach and grow from the surface of the cell. This base is a microscopic, cylinder-shaped structure called a centriole. In single-ciliated cells, centrioles are created before a cell divides. A cell contains two-parent centrioles that each duplicate so that both new cells gets one pair of centrioles—the oldest of these two centrioles then goes on to form the base of the cilium.

However, multicilliated cells create unique structures, called deuterosomes, that act as a copy machine to enable the production of tens to hundreds of centrioles, allowing these cells to create many cilia.

To test this, Holland and his team developed a mouse model that lacked the gene that creates deuterosomes. Then, they analyzed the tissues that carry multicilliated cells and counted their cilia. The researchers were surprised to find that the genetically engineered mice had the same number of cilia on cells as the mice with deuterosomes, ruling out the central role of deuterosomes in controlling the number of cilia. For example, the multicilliated cells lining the trachea all had — cilia per cell.

The researchers also found that cells without deuterosomes could make new centrioles just as quickly as cells with them. This is amply demonstrated for primary cilia in the kidney and there are important data that indicate how signaling pathways involving the cilium might affect other tissues. One persistent unanswered question about ciliary function is why certain receptors and channels are concentrated more or less exclusively in the membrane of the primary cilium.

Clearly, signaling molecules or second messengers that leave the cilium are initially spatially localized at the basal body or centrosome, which would not be true of signals arising from receptors or channels at the leading edge of the cell or dispersed in the cell membrane.

Signals from the cilium might therefore interact with, activate or inactivate specific centrosomal proteins to control trafficking to the Golgi, to the leading edge of a migrating cell, to cell junctions or, in the case of transcription factors, to the nucleus. Ciliary orientation might impose a gradient of second messengers or effector molecules within the cytoplasm to help determine positioning of organelles and the mitotic spindle. In certain cases, the amplitude of the signal or the concentration of signaling molecules arising from the cilium might be compared at the centrosome to signals arising from elsewhere in the cell to determine a specific physiological outcome, such as entry into the cell cycle and resorption of the cilium.

At present, there are only hints of how this computation might be performed. As we learn more about IFT-complex assembly and IFT cargo, the role of activation of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis in building the cilium, and targeting processes in the cell in general, we might come to understand reasons for sequestration within the primary cilium more completely.

We apologize to those authors whose work has not been cited because of space limitations. We thank Bradley K. Yoder for valuable comments on the manuscript and the poster.

Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months. This article is part of a Minifocus on cilia and flagella. Bloodgood J. Cell Sci. Scott Seeley and Maxence V. Nachury J. Lindemann and Kathleen A. Lesich J. Emmer et al. Read more about our commitment to Open Access.

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Advanced Search. User Tools. Sign in. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article navigation. Volume , Issue 4. Previous Article Next Article. Article contents. IFT builds primary cilia. Primary-cilium defects lead to kidney disease. Orientation of primary cilia.

Diversity and dynamics of signaling pathways in primary cilia. Primary cilia in adult tissues. Article Navigation. This site. Google Scholar. Lotte B. Pedersen , Lotte B. Author and article information. Online Issn: J Cell Sci 4 : — Related content.

A related article has been published: Sensory reception is an attribute of both primary cilia and motile cilia. A related article has been published: The perennial organelle: assembly and disassembly of the primary cilium.

A related article has been published: Flagellar and ciliary beating: the proven and the possible. A related article has been published: Molecular mechanisms of protein and lipid targeting to ciliary membranes.

Cite Icon Cite. View large Download slide. Ciliary polycystin-2 is a mechanosensitive calcium channel involved in nitric oxide signaling cascades.